Gender Inequality During Latin American Countries

How has gender inequality affected women in Latin American countries? Gender inequality has affected the women of Latin America in a multitude of ways, but it can be argued that the division of gender equality is extremely prominent when analyzing reproductive rights and health care access. Compared to countries such as Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States, Latin America is far behind in terms of civil rights and reproductive rights. The lack of rights is not in question; women’s barrier to reproductive health can be seen through anecdotes and statistics. The question thus becomes, is there a definite answer to why these rights are absent? Factors concerning the absence of reproductive rights include cultural norms and religion, but the one that plays the biggest role remains the lack of female political leaders in Latin American countries. What exactly is it that is keeping Latin America behind other countries in terms of being progressive regarding reproductive rights? Women’s political absence in Latin America has shaped reproductive rights and health care services immensely. While Latin America’s lack of reproductive rights would seem to be common knowledge, many are unaware of how exactly women in Latin American countries are affected. In a fairly large number of countries, abortion is illegal. In regards to this, â€Å"in 2008, 12 percent of maternal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean were due to unsafe abortions.† (Mane, 2013) 95% of the abortionsShow MoreRelatedRace And Gender Has Not Only Shaped The Lives Of People881 Words   |  4 PagesRace and gender have not only shaped the lives of people, but the history of colonial Latin America as well. The hierarchical system in colonial Latin America was that people of whiter skin enjoyed more privilege (white privilege as a category of whiteness) and more power than people of darker skin. In terms of gender, men were seen as superior to women. 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Notes On Falling Oil Prices - 1261 Words

Eric Bach-Crosby Gina Cassady ECO2013 October 11, 2015 Falling Oil Prices Just as any market experiences it’s fair share of ups and downs, the oil industry is currently running down a slippery slope. From coast to coast across the United States, the price of gasoline has plummeted to levels were last seen during the recession of 2009 (Krauss). Although prices have somewhat improved at various points throughout 2015, average prices have remained low and are expected to stay that way for the next several years. Many people are simply overjoyed that their wallet seems a little less empty and it now takes only half the cost to fill up their gas tank, however, in the greater scheme of economics this is definitely not the best for the economy†¦show more content†¦One major factor that contributed to their recession is the fact that Chinese currency, the yuan, was devalued on August 11th of this year; a decrease of 4.4% which in turn led to their stock market plunging into a crash (Wolff). Consequently making the majority of imp orts into China more expensive and leaving their citizens with less purchasing power for goods and services. By the population left without being able to make as many purchases, the industrial activity and manufacturing of goods slowed down thus meaning that if not as many goods are being produced then not as much gasoline or oil is being used for assembly lines, transportation, etc (The Causes†¦). To put simply, if there are less funds circulating, the public will spend less, fewer goods and services will be created, and less oil and gasoline will be consumed. With China being the second largest economy in the world, the downfall of their own market tends to rattle other countries in close business relations, one of which is the United States (Ranasinghe). Aside from foreign markets, the method of extracting oil from the Earth known as hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, is in direct relation to the current price drop (How Does Fracking). Fracking accelerates how quickly oil is taken from beneath Earth’s surface and processed (How Does Fracking). Since this speeds up the practice and therefore increasing the current supply, oil prices are cut down. Although

Los Angeles Abrasion Value Free Essays

LOS ANGELES ABRASION VALUE This method describes the procedure for the determination of the Los Angeles Abrasion Value of aggregate APPARATUS Australian Standard sieves (Grade B) as required. 1 2 A thermostatically controlled oven with good air ventilation capable of maintaining a temperature within the range of 105Â °C to 110Â °C. 3 Sieve brushes. We will write a custom essay sample on Los Angeles Abrasion Value or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 Balance readable and accurate to at least one gram. 5 Sample divider of the multiple slot type. A suitable design is shown in Figure 1. 6 Los Angeles Machine essential dimensions complying with Figure 2. Worksheet, MRD 1165 (recommendation only) 7. PROCEDURE 1 Obtain a test sample taken in accordance with Test Method WA200. 1. 2 Select a grading defined in Table 1 appropriate to the particle size distribution of the test sample. 3 Wash the test sample by agitation under running water for approximately ten minutes. 5 Dry the test sample to constant mass (Note a), in an oven at a temperature within the range of 105Â °C to 110Â °C, cool to room temperature and sieve it on the appropriate sieves until a sufficient mass of each fraction has been obtained. Adjust the mass of material so obtained for each sieve fraction by quartering or riffling, if necessary, to within two percent of the relevant mass shown in Table. 1. Determine the mass of each fraction and combine the sieve fractions to form a test portion ), to at least the nearest 1g, of the test portion. Place it, together with the appropriate ball charge defined in Table 1, in the Los Angeles Machine. Rotate the machine for 500 or 1 000 revolutions as required in Table 1 (Note b). How to cite Los Angeles Abrasion Value, Papers

Nursing communication with Dementia Patient

Question: Describe the challenges associated with intervention, assessment, discussion, and educating patient having dementia-related problems? Answer: Introduction Dementia adversely affects the receptive and expressive abilities of people communicating with health care professionals. It is hence the assessment of health care needs and assistance often becomes difficult. The present paper discusses the challenges associated with intervention, assessment, discussion, and educating patient having dementia-related problems. The next, effective strategies are discussed focusing on the utilization of resources, mechanism behind the sentence structure and choice of word (Norton, 2012). These measures not only ensure successful communication and understanding the concern of patients, but also help in providing effective care services. About Dementia Dementia is the problem associated with forgetfulness, difficulty in understanding, expressing, and communicating. In other words, the difficulty is more concerned with perception and expression related phenomenon. The problem is more links with children care and adult patients, tailoring the difficulty of language and patients ability to discuss (Moreira, O'Donovan Howlett, 2014). How nurses should communicate with Dementia patient Conditions related to pressure ulcer pain, cancer, diabetes, fracture, heart failure, dehydration and other similar condition often requires intensive communication. The objective of such discussion and intervention is to measure the severity of the condition and find possible measures suitable for treatment. The difficulty, nurses and other help care professionals often find with patient is dementia-related situation. Owing to the trait of forgetfulness and difficulty in perceiving and expressing ability, it becomes difficult to exchange the message and ideology. It is essential for health care professionals to develop critical skills, which not only produce effectiveness in communication, but also provide worthy benefit in care approach. Some of the critically required skills and understanding of nurses in conjunction with providing nursing and health care services with dementia patient are (Corcoran, 2011): The general strategy of using yes or no choice of questions for assessment is optimum. It is important to perceive whether patient is able to understand with eye or body movement. Instructions for patient should be simpler and care should be taken so that patient could be able to read and understand it easily. Verbal instructions should be simpler and easy to understand. It is more convenient to take into consideration of family members, carer in the conversation course. The approach should be lean towards the patient, so that choice can be successfully made by them. Other than this, it is the wisdom of nurses, to identify the level of difficulty in creating the sentence and the logical flow of ideas by the patient. Hence, appropriate the nurses have the responsibility to identify the meaning and deliver the message inaccurate and understanding form, back to the patient. Also on the other part, nurses can advise to family members are caregivers to go for speech therapy for recommendation and suggestions. In other case, nurses need to maintain the patience and have empathy for any odd situation related to combative or aggressive behavior by patient. Techniques for making effective communication and sentence structure Main idea - The main idea related to identification of the severity with respect to problem of perception and expression in patients. Help from speech therapy, family members and caregivers can be taken in this situation. Organization - It is important to take care of sentence structure, using simple instructions and confirming with various simpler means that patient is able to understand (Pollock, 2014). Content development - Evidence-based practice has potential to serve the fruitful outcomes. Use of resources - Use of yes-no type questions, simple instruction to read and use verbally, and confirming if the patient is able to understand. Using nonverbal approach with eye contact, physical touch and facial expression is the reliable resource for making communication easier. Grammar and mechanics - For the patients with limited English proficiency, and severe problem in understanding the words or verbal instruction, it is crucial for healthcare professionals to communicate. The most reliable way of finding solution in this regard is to use evidence-based protocols (Wang, Hsieh Wang, 2013). Sentence structure - identification of patient discomfort zone with words like pain, hurt, and ouch should be in the concern of nurses. Other than this, it is also helpful in using physical cues for the instruction, as patient can understand those signs easily compared to understanding and interpreting the verbal language. The identification of patients understanding can be obtained with respect to their ability to make choice among two simpler objects of options. Word choice - Use of simple words, such as phone rather than telephone; toilet than bathroom are useful in communication with dementia patients. Certainly, patients use to refer some specific words or phrases to express certain words. Say for example they patient want to ask how much time it will take to complete?, and they refer to word clock. In this case, nurses should refer to the caregiver or family member; whether patient use such words for any phrase (Jeon, 2011). Conclusion In conclusion, it is often to realize that health care professionals face many adverse condition and challenges in dealing with patients having dementia like problem. The concerned problematic situation is common with children and older adults. It is more important for health care professionals to identify such problem and use wisdom for simplifying the situation. References: Corcoran, M. A. (2011). Caregiving styles: A cognitive and behavioral typology associated with dementia family caregiving. The Gerontologist, gnr002. Jeon, Y. H., Sansoni, J., Low, L. F., Chenoweth, L., Zapart, S., Sansoni, E., Marosszeky, N. (2011). Recommended measures for the assessment of behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19(5), 403-415. Moreira, T., O'Donovan, O., Howlett, E. (2014). Assembling Dementia Care: patient organisations and social research. BioSocieties, 9(2), 173-193. Norton, M. C., Dew, J., Smith, H., Fauth, E., Piercy, K. W., Breitner, J., ... Welshà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Bohmer, K. (2012). Lifestyle behavior pattern is associated with different levels of risk for incident dementia and Alzheimer's disease: the Cache County study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60(3), 405-412. Pollock, B. G., Mulsant, B. H., Rosen, J., Sweet, R. A., Mazumdar, S., Bharucha, A., ... Chew, M. L. (2014). Comparison of citalopram, perphenazine, and placebo for the acute treatment of psychosis and behavioral disturbances in hospitalized, demented patients. Wang, J. J., Hsieh, P. F., Wang, C. J. (2013). Long-term care nurses' communication difficulties with people living with dementia in Taiwan. Asian nursing research, 7(3), 99-103.

General Philosophy towards instruction of English Essays - Education

General Philosophy towards instruction of English Learners. Ethel I Baker Elementary lies within the Sacramento City Unified School District. While the schools website does not offer a philosophy statement the Sacramento City Unified School District website lists a Learner Master Plan. The plan claims: "To provide the district and the schools with a clear statement of policies related to the development, implementation, and evaluation of English learner programs and services;" "To provide specific procedural guidelines for the identification, assessment, and placement of students; reclassification of students; notification and involvement of parents;" "the formation and functioning of the District English Learner Advisory Committee and site English Learner Advisory Committee; the annual evaluation of English learner programs; and the use of state and federal funds for EL programs and services; "In addition to aligning policies and procedures with current state and federal mandates, the district has created an "EL Electronic Toolbox," in which schools will find a variety of forms and other documents that were previously included as part of the district's EL Master Plan." Assessment of the English Learners/ Re-designation criteria of English Learners . At Ethel Baker Elementary all students who enter the school are administered the CELDT, the California English Language Development Test, to gauge their proficiency with English. They administer this test within the students first 6 days of instruction if the student's home language is one other than English and the test is re-administered every year until the child tests as "proficient" in English and moves beyond the "beginner" in English level. I could not find any information about the school's particular re-classification policies but I was able to confirm that they adhire strictly to the distrits policy of re-classification which is stated on their website: "Reclassification is the process that determines whether an English learner should be reclassified as Fluent English Proficient (R-FEP). Reclassification relies on evidence demonstrating that the student has achieved a level of English proficiency comparable to that of average native speakers of English in the district and is achieving and sustaining a level of academic achievement with students whose native language is English. District reclassification policies and procedures are aligned with California Department of Education guidelines." Number of English Learners in the district by language? SCUSD's demographics by language are as follows for EL students: 61% - Spanish 14.63% - Mong 6.10% - Cantonese 2.65% - Marshallese 2.61% - Vietnamese 2.06% - Russian 1.53% - Mandarin 1.18% - Other Non-English languages What instructional programs do they provide? The schools main method of instruction for EL students is Structured English Immersion Ethel Baker Elementary offers specialized instruction for their EL students that is provided by Mrs. Orvidal, the spouse of a faculty member at the school, she is a bilingual instructional aide who is fluent in English and Spanish. This is a full time faculty member who services any and all of the schools EL students. School or classroom organization to facilitate such differentiation. Mr. Saechou is one example of an instructor using student placement and seating arrangement to help organize his classroom in a way that benefits his EL students as well as himself. He placed his EL student in need of the most help with English next to a student who is proficient in both English and Spanish and performing at grade level in English. By having a friend nearby to help translate or clear up any confusion the students can work together Mr. Saechou himself has stated the negative aspects of this strategy and made it a point to not ground ALL of his EL students together and to not let these two students in particular keep each other from completing work. The desks in his classroom are formed into little clusters of 5 or 6, the cluster closest to his desk at the front of the classroom is where his student in need of the most help with English sits. This allows him to monitor her more closely and also offer little bits of help when he can. He also has a Spanish-Engilsh dictionary on hand for "emergency situations." In addition, Mr. Saechou makes use of visual aides as often as he can, he engages the entire class in discussions instead of singling out a student or a cluster of desks, he asks students to

The Weapons of World War 1 essays

The Weapons of World War 1 essays Weapons were very important in WWI, more so than most wars. This was the first large industrialized ground war. In WWI, weapons were usually built to make other weapons useless. The invention of the Machine gun created trench warfare, which allowed soldiers to avoid machine gun fire. The tank was invented to make trench warfare useless, and artillery was made to destroy tanks. The most influential weapon in WWI was the machine gun. Before this point, soldiers could only fire 15 rounds per minute. The machine gun allowed them to fire 400, killing whole squads of troops in seconds. To defend against this, troops began digging trenches in which they could hide from the fire. The machine gun is what created the battleground of WWI. The next big advance in mechanized warfare was the tank, built to make both machine guns and trenches useless. The first tank battle was at Cambrai in 1917. They worked so well that the Germans ran away. The first tanks were not very good weapons, though: They could only travel at 5 mph, and they were terribly made. Only a fraction of the tanks brought to France actually fought at Cambrai, because the rest broke down. The final advance in technology was artillery. While artillery had been around for many years, in WWI it took a large leap forward. WWI was the first war in which Rail Artillery was used. Rail Artillery was the largest sort of artillery ever made, even to this day. With cannons sometimes 40 meters long, and shells that weighed 900 pounds. This was the weapon used to destroy tanks. There were other advances in weapons too. During this time period, Germany invented the first U-Boats. Also used for the first time in war were Zeppelins and Poison chlorine and Mustard gas. Zeppelins were used in bombing raids, and u-boats broke up british supply lines. The first chlorine gas attack was in 1915 at Ypres. Mustard gas was the most devastating weapon, though. It was o ...

Financial Management Problems and case #6 Essay

Financial Management Problems and case #6 - Essay Example Reporting a large loss and/or increasing dividend payout would have a negative effect on cash and profitability. Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 10: Cash Flow - Based on the information provided regarding Bailey Corporation's Income Statement: (a) The net operating profit after taxes is $3B [NOPAT=EBIT(1-Tax rate)=$4B(1-$1B)]. (b) The net cash flow is $4.5B [NCF=NI+D&A=$1.5B+$3B]. (c) The operating cash flow is $6B [OCF=EBIT(1-Tax rate)+D&A=$3B+$3B]. (d) The free cash flow is $2.7B [FCF=OCF-IOC=$6B-$3.3B]. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: Sales $12,681,481.47 Operating Costs (55% of Sales) ($ 6,974,814.81) EBITDA $ 5,706,666.66 Depreciation & Amortization ($ 880,000.00) EBIT $ 4,826,666.66 Interest ($ 660,000.00) EBT $ 4,166,666.66 Taxes (40%) ($ 1,666,666.66) Net Income $ 2,500,000.00 EMBA 503, Financial Management Case Six YOUR FULL NAME YOUR INSTITUION OR SCHOOL PROFESSOR DATE Lottery Winnings: Case Study Six 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never... Problem 9: MVA - Henderson Industries, with a stock price of $60, $500MM of issued common stock, and an MVA of $130MM has shares outstanding in the amount of 10,500,000; the result of the sum of the book value ($500MM) and the market value added ($130MM) divided by the share price. Problem 11: Income Statement - Based on the information provided regarding Hermann Industries' Income Statement forecasts, the forecasted net income would be achieved by a sales figure of $ 12,681,481.47: 1. If you were one of the winners, which option would you select Why I would choose the cash option. I would do this primarily because I could invest the money safely and obtain a return that, although less than the annuity payment, would still give me more money than I need each year and would never diminish the principal. Also, if I did not spend all of the money gained from the investment, the compound interest would increase my portfolio significantly. Finally, my tax burden would be less over the long term because capital gains from the investments are taxed at a lower rate in the U.S. than regular income. 3. Is the State of Michigan justified in advertising the prize amount as $363 million Explain.

Paraphrase Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Article Example gement competencies are based upon two factors: (1) a process can never get managed properly if the developer is not familiar with it; and, (2) the develop should well understand the business and culture behind the project. The PMBOK Project Competencies Table, which lists 20 competencies, defines these points in detail. Out of these 20, 12 competencies come with business experience; 5 can be achieved through combining business experience with training; 2 can be achieved through training; while, 1 requires project experience. No competency needs IT know-how. Hence, the most significant pre-requisite is professional business experience. So, assuming business experience as the most important, and that the candidates’ qualifications and individual capabilities are alike, you would eliminate both the IT manager and the recent graduate as good candidates. Your recommendation should be to hire such an individual who has extensive business experience, which should be enhanced through training. He should be encouraged to lead smaller projects in order to get familiarized with the process, before handing him over the mission-critical project. The second priority recommendation is to go for a candidate who has both business and project management

Electronic health record (EHR) Literature review

Electronic health record (EHR) - Literature review Example EHRs are very quick as there is no need for any paper-work for documenting and sharing of the information and images. Thus, an EHR plays a vital role in evidence based treatment and decision-making without having to go through the manual process (Williams, 2010; National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources, 2006). These enable access to the records even from distant areas by means of online networking. The drawback with EHRs is that these are quite expensive but once implemented, these tend to be very cost-effective. Carter (2008) studied that the concept of EHRs began in 1960s â€Å"with the COSTAR system, developed by Barnett at the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital† (p.7). According to him, the earlier efforts provided models and pseudo types on which current â€Å"hospital-based and ambulatory† EHRs are based upon. Iakovidis (1998) suggested that EHRs can be used as tools for continuity of care and for collabora tive performance of healthcare providers. Many researchers have studied the functionality of EHRs in various contexts. All studies have led to the conclusion that EHRs are a significant contribution to the medical industry since these have modernized the way patients’ data is stored. Poissant et al. ... Research has it that despite significant advantages of EHRs, their adoption rates are progressing rather slowly. Gans et al (2005) conducted a research on the use of EHRs and IT based tools in the health industry and concluded that most health professionals were not incorporating EHRs especially in smaller practices. Their findings suggested that the adoption of EHRs was making progress at a snail's pace; however, the physicians planned to incorporate them in the coming years. They found that this happened because the practitioners found it difficult to choose and implement EHRs. This research is supported by the findings by Jha et al. (2006) who studied how common are the EHRs in USA’s health sector. They found that the year they conducted the research, the commonness of EHRs was low on scale. According to them, â€Å"data on their adoption rate are limited.† They found that only 23.9 percent of providers were using ambulatory EHRs and 5 percent were using computerized systems. They suggested that what kept physicians from implementing EHRs in their settings was the knowledge gap. These findings are further supported by recent researches as well. For example, Jha et al. (2009) conducted a research to find out if the adoption rate of EHRs in the healthcare sector has increased with passing years. Thus, they conducted a second research in 2009 and came to the same conclusion as in 2006. They found that â€Å"despite a consensus that the use of health information technology should lead to more efficient, safer, and higher-quality care, there are no reliable estimates of the prevalence of adoption of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals.† Jha et al. (2009) conducted a big survey of a number of acute care hospitals to find out the EHR

Introduction to Microsoft Office

Introduction to Microsoft Office Introduction of Microsoft Excel Excel is the computer programs created by Microsoft. For example, we can use this computer programs for analyzing data. EXCEL are the specific of given the instructions and use for 3 Excel quizzes. Besides, Excel is a very fancy calculator and the most of basic form. Microsoft Excel also help us to control costs and easily to obtain the business information used for the value of the data. For instance, Microsoft Excel will become the tools to businesses and help them to make the most of data. Microsoft Excel have become increasingly significant as it can used for making the resources and return on investment. Excel is the quickly and effectively to analyse and collate the information. In addition, Microsoft Excel can help us in single cell to create a data. In a Microsoft Excel 2010 is a new feature with the sparklines. We can quickly noticed patterns in the data and can create the small charts in a single cell. It’s the easy and quick way to highlight all the significant. For example the Microsoft Excel saving our time, seasonal increases or decreases. Apart from that Microsoft Excel 2010 can quickly use the right data points in zero. For the PivotTables Excel 2010 can delivers a new of the exciting filter enhancement. The PivotTables can provide a rich of visualization with the Slicer. The PivotTable can help us so can easily filter the data and dynamically segment to display precisely what we need. With the new research we can spend a few of time sifting through large data sets in the PivotTable views and table, and more time analyzing. Moreover, we can use the Microsoft Excel is easily working together such as share, connect, and accomplish. Microsoft Excel Web App in the different locations can makes it possible for us to edit the same spreadsheet with others. In the workbooks they can made and with the number of editors shown in the status bar. We can always know who is editing the workbook with us. Apart from that, in our data presentations we can add more sophistication. The Excel 2010 gives us easily to improved data bars, more control over styles and icons and in a few clicks ability to highlight specific or important items. The negative values also can be display data bars and to more accurately illustrate in the data visuals. Furthermore, Microsoft Excel 2010 can help us do the things become faster and easier. The traditional can be replaces by the new Microsoft Office Backstageâ„ ¢ such as share. Print, menu to let our save and publish your spreadsheets with just a few of clicks. With the improved Ribbons, we can access our favourite commands and become more quickly though by customing tabs. In our work style can help us creating our personal with the experience. On top of that, harness is more power to building bigger and more complex spreadsheets with the Microsoft Excel 2010. We can easier to analyse and massive amount of information with the new 54-bit version of Excel 2010. We can analyse large and complex datasets greater than 2-gigabyte file size of the previous Excel versions. In a nutshell, we can through by Excel Services to publish and share. The SharePoint Server 2010 and Excel Services integration and let the businessman user to share analysis and the result across their organization through by publishing spreadsheets for the Web. We can share a sensitive business information and business intelligence. For instance, co-workers, business partners in a security-enhanced environment and business partners. Introduction of Microsoft Power Point Inside the Microsoft Office include the Power Point of the system that enables to help us to present the information such as office meetings, in a minimal amount the time to create maximum impact and lectures. Microsoft Power Point 2010 can amplify our message for the presentations and can be accelerate the information being absorbed. First and foremost, the Microsoft Power Point 2010 can support us a new PowerPoint document. For instance in a big middle had a slide pane, this is help us to work in create our slide. On the other side that call placeholders can help us to choose the type of text with the dotted borders of the various boxes. This is due to the reasons that placeholders can contain a pictures or charts, different sizes, and non- text items. Moreover, Microsoft Power Point 2010 can be adding an additional slides when we needed. When we was open the Power Point we can see the â€Å"new slide† on the Home tab. The title and content will be automatically insert when we using the adding slides. According to Amy Beauchemin many of the slides will be require to enter the text in the placeholder boxes. The minor points under the major points will be automatically place the text into the bulleted lists with the Power Point when we was typing the text. Furthermore, the placeholder boxes will also automatically help reduce font size and line with the text fit and fit everything of the line spacing. Power point in the text font can also to change it with the size use commands and colour in the Font group. The formatting can also to change by paragraph group. For example, bullet type, line spacing, text indentation. Apart from that, the design theme can be adding by the Microsoft Power Point 2010. The font sizes and types, colour of the scheme and the background design can be found in the theme. A new presentation will be started by the default theme mean office theme. There has a black text as well as white background. We can found the themes group with the different design while we click the Design tab on the Ribbon. Power Point can also help us to found more additional themes though click the right of the group. Besides, we can using the Clip Art inside the Power point to add the videos, sounds and pictures if we needed. We can click on the Insert Ribbon and go to Clip Art command or click on the Clip Art icon in a placeholder on the right and choose the type of the clips we want to use it. On the other hand Microsoft Power Point is the best way to us to view the slides or show when we are previewing our presentation to an audience or some documents. We can print the slides and saving files by the Microsoft Power Point 2010. Introduction of Microsoft Word 2010 The best of all the worlds are provide by the Microsoft Word 2010.This is an account of the fact that Microsoft Word 2010 make us easier ways to work together with other people. For instance we can easily organize or more efficiently to write the documents and can capture our best ideas wherever they occur. Firstly, Word 2010 help us to create and more easily to complete all the documents. We can look like a design pro while we stand out with the paramount content for using a new array and improved tools. Furthermore, Microsoft Word 2010 can provide many of the text, same effects and shapes such as pictures, SmartArt graphics and charts and directly to text in the document. Microsoft Word 2010 was using a new and improved picture editing tools. This is including a colour and cropping tools and the advanced correction to us when we was used the Microsoft Word 2010. Apart from that, Word 2010 always helping us to save our time and simplify to work. It can make it easier to browse, even reorganize document content right from a single and search by using the improved Navigation Pane and Find tools. Moreover, we can use the firewall while we are working for a company running SharePoint Foundation 2010. Besides, we can also view the presence information and show to other authors and initiate instant messaging or directly from Word to voice calls with the Office Communicator and Microsoft Lync. There had many of the advantage of co-authoring features though Windows Live such as we can in a small company to use Word 2010 for our school work or home. It is a free of the Windows Live ID, at the same time we can edit the documents with others. For example, we can get our ideas, work emergencies, projects and deadlines to more of the places. On the other hand, Microsoft Word is a fellow with the Microsoft Word App and that are enables to us for extend the Word experience to the browser. In the Word 2010 include the editing tools and the same formatting. Any computer with a Web browser there can be work in a familiar editing environment. Microsoft Word Mobile also given us to edit, review, or comment with the Word documents and offer the navigations tools is help us to quickly jump to the right place every time. Nowadays the Word Mobile also provide us to making report and working with a team on the next big pitch. This is in light of the fact that, Word 2010 are more flexibility and more quickly with the better results. Conclusion of Microsoft Excel In my opinion of the Microsoft Excel 2010 is the most flexible and useful functions to us. This is due to the reason that Excel 2010 can help us to build a great charts. By using the formulas across the grid of cells can allows the businessmen to potential their data. Furthermore, I learned how to use the conditional formatting in the Excel 2010 include using different colour shades, italics and bolds. For example we can via the Quick Analysis button to select an appropriate colouring scheme. Moreover, using Excel 2010 to identify trends also the one I learned in Microsoft EXCEL 2010. For instance it can help the businesses to develop of their future strategy. On top of that, Microsoft Excel can also help us to bring the data together from the documents and various files together such as insert tab or additional spreadsheets. Besides, we can through by the Excel Services to publish and share. For example, we can share a business intelligence and a sensitive business information to co-workers and the business partners in a security-enhanced. In the nutshell, the online access also I learned from the Excel 2010. Excel offer us used with the laptop, smartphone and web-enabled PC for making mobile working viable and making remote. Conclusion of Microsoft Power Point 2010 In the conclusion of Microsoft Power Point 2010, I learned the Power Point can support us a new document such as a big middle had a slide pane and it will help us to work in create our slide. Furthermore, when we needed an additional slides can be adding by Power Point 20210. For instance we can open a â€Å"new slide â€Å"from the Home tab and the title and content will automatically added. Apart from that, paragraph group can be formatting by the Power Point 2010 that I learned in the Power Point 2010. For example, bullet type, text indentation and line spacing. Besides, the types and font size, background design and the colour of the scheme can also be found in the theme and include black text and white background by the Microsoft Power Point that I was learned. In a nutshell, the best way to view the show or slides for presentation is the Microsoft Power Point 2010 that I was learned as it can help us to print the slides and saving files from the Power Point 2010. Conclusion of Microsoft Word 2010 In my opinion of the Microsoft Word 2010 is the best of all the worlds. This is due to the reasons that it can make us easier ways to work together and become more efficiently to write the documents. Apart from that, that I was learned in the Word 2010 can be create and help us complete the documents easily. For instance Word 2010 0ffer many of the text and the same effects like pictures editing tools. Apart from that, Word 2010 always helping us to save our time and simplify to work. It can make it easier to browse, even reorganize document content right from a single and search by using the improved Navigation Pane and Find tools. Moreover, we can use the firewall while we are working for a company running SharePoint Foundation 2010. Besides, we can also view the presence information and show to other authors and initiate instant messaging or directly from Word to voice calls with the Office Communicator and Microsoft Lync. There had many of the advantage of co-authoring features though Windows Live such as we can in a small company to use Word 2010 for our school work or home. It is a free of the Windows Live ID, at the same time we can edit the documents with others. For example, we can get our ideas, work emergencies, projects and deadlines to more of the places.

Electoral College Outdated Essay -- Politics

Every four years, the century-old debate over the Electoral College rekindles. Currently, as the contest between the Republican candidates intensifies and the remaining four rush toward the finish line for nomination, speculators are turning their attention toward the Presidential Election that is right around the corner. Predictably, the legitimacy of the Electoral College is once again under scrutiny. Although the Electoral College was an ingenious compromise establish by Framers of the Constitution, the development of the two party politics and the â€Å"winner-take-all† system has led it to the fail its original purpose. When the Framers were drafting the presidential selection procedure of the Constitution in 1787, they presented an artful compromise to the issue of direct election. With the new country spanning thousands of miles along the Atlantic coast and barely connected by transportation or communication, it was impractical if not impossible to distribute information widely enough for every citizen to make an informed choice (Kimberling). In a direct election, this lack of knowledge about candidates living in other states would inevitably result in citizens voting for the candidate they knew the most about. Because the larger states have considerable more voters, presidents would be elected not for their political beliefs, but for their place of residence. Given the inability to spread information extensively, the Framers compromised by adopting the idea of representation. The people up and down the country would vote for local delegates with whom they were familiar with. These electors would then elect a president â€Å"pre-eminent for ability and virtue† (Hamilton 333). By devising the Electoral College, the Framers ensured th... ...ve up the live up to ideals of the Framers in our present day. Works Cited Kimberling, William C. â€Å"The Electoral College.† Federal Election Commission, May 1992. Web. 13 March 2012. Hamilton, Alexander. â€Å"Federalist 68.† The Federalist with Letters of â€Å"Brutus†. Ed. Terence Ball. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 331-334. Print. â€Å"Flunking the Electoral College.† Editorial. New York Times. 20 Nov. 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. Ray v. Blair. No. 649. Supreme Court of Alabama. April 3, 1952. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. Ross, Kelly. â€Å"Electoral College Outdated.† Northern Arizona News. 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. Kammer, Jerry. â€Å"As Presidential Electors Include Exgovernors, Activists.† Tucson Citizen. 16 Oct. 2008. Web. 13 Mar. 2012. Longley, Lawrence D. and Alan G. Braun. The Politics of Electoral College Reform. London: Yale University Press, 1975. Print.

Human Resources Management †Downsizing Essay

I. Introduction In this era of globalisation, where the competition in the market has become drastic, human capital is deemed to be the most important factor to the integration as well as strategy of enterprises among any other factors (Waddel, Cummings, & Worley, 2007). Since retaining and sustaining workforce is undeniably crucial to corporate integration, learning the trend and comprehending the will of employees is crucial to any enterprise’s survival. Taking scenario in Australia, the authors’ objective in this article is to emphasize the importance of older workers’ contributions to workplaces and employers are suggested unbiasedly re-adjusting their attitude and policies in order to effectively utilise the productivity of older workers. II. Article Analysis a. Researches Methodology In this article, secondary researches e.g. surveys, researches from others’ studies†¦ were used primarily. In terms of quantitative researches, the article mainly gathered data from Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS); Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR); and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Its data validity can be strongly substantiated as both ABS and DEEWR are under the management of Australian government; and OECD is also a renowned international economic organisation which promotes economy and social well-being of people globally. Hence, its information validity is also confirmed. Noticeably, authors also use their past studies as references, for example, their paper: â€Å"Retaining and Sustaining the Competence of Older Workers: An Australian Perspective†, written in 2009. This raises the question about the credibility of such reference. Moreover, several references seem to be out-dated, for ex ample, â€Å"Sociology† by Giddens in 1997, or the survey’s data of McIntosh’s paper in 2001. b. Significance of the Findings The findings in the article are relatively clear and straightforward, yet what they truly provide to readers are beyond mere facts. It is the broad knowledge that is provided allowing readers to come up with their own judgement about the issue. The article first presents the idea to readers that an increasing wave of older workers will be coming up in the future due to the shortage of young worker and the consequences of the financial crisis in the early 2008. It is true that because of such crisis, people’s superannuation is heavily affected and therefore even elders will very likely try to go back to the labour market and look for works (Bekaert & Hodrick, 2009). Nevertheless, what the authors aim to achieve is not only to present the trend to the readers, but to raise the employers’ awareness so that they do not look down to older workers as â€Å"last resorts† as they will very likely become a major workforce in the future. The authors claimed that older workers undoubtedly will become crucial to the Australia economy in the near future. Yet there is proof presented in the article that indicates the existence of the negativity of employers’ attitude toward older workers. This claim is also valid as according to a HR report from Thompson Reuters, a research was conducted and realized that only 25% of the number of employers being asked tried to convince Baby Boomers to stay back when they resigned, compared to 40% for Generation X and Generation Y (HR Report, 2008). On the other hand, the article also provides to readers a completely opposite proof which shows that employers hold no grudge against older workers. Such claim is also substantiated by an article by Forbes, in which, a survey of 500 hiring managers was conducted and resulted that 60% of hiring managers would likely to hire older workers, compared to 20% of those would hire Millenials, who were born just before the millennium, from 1981 through 2000 (Adams, 2012). III. Strength and Weakness/Limitation of the article c. The strength of the article Basically, the article targets readers who are working in Human Resources field. It has done its part by successfully conveying the idea to readers by using sets of well organised evidences and firm hypothesises. The article also proposed a rational strategy that, according to the authors, would not only help employers to not waste human capital, but also support the older employees’ employability by changing the attitude of employers in the workplace. The data and references used in the article were relevant to the discussed area. Each and every statement in the article is backed with credible sources; therefore it makes readers feel confident and safe when they acquire the knowledge from the article. On top of that, not only it provides evidences which support only its hypothesis, but also it provides evidences that are completely contradictory to its hypothesis, for example, the case in the study of McIntosh in 2001 where the attitude of employers toward older workers was n ot negative at all. This helps readers to have broader view and shows that the authors were unbiased when writing this article. d. Weakness and Limitation of the article Since the article was taking the scenario happening in Australia, its world-wide applicability is questionable. Although the article also uses some foreign data, for example, McIntosh’s research which was conducted with the U.S’s labour forces, it is still very limited. As mentioned, authors also used their part studies as references; hence, this raises questions about such sources’ credibility. Furthermore, the year which the article was written was 2011, yet there are a few references that were written a long time ago, â€Å"Sociology† written by Giddens in 1997 is an example. This also raises the question about the sources’ up-to-date applicability. One of its strong points turns out to be its weakness. Each and every statement in the article is backed up with a study; therefore it somewhat gives readers a feeling that very few ideas in the article were original. IV. Conclusion According to (Waddel, Cummings, & Worley, 2007), in the process of globalisation, it requires enterprises to constantly adapt and develop in the way that would maximize their intrinsic value. The article has shown readers the proof that older workers is one promising and valuable source of high-quality workforce, yet evidences show that a lot of employers are still age-biased. On that ground, it is recommended that employers should not take this matter lightly anymore. Instead, they are suggested starting to change their attitude toward the older worker, re-adjust the workplace’s policies in order to maximize and sustain the productivity of older workers. Based on the hypothesis and findings of the article above, linking to the case study â€Å"High Flyers†, even though Silvertail is trying to build a newer and younger image, it should not get rid of older cabin crew by persecuting and being harsh on them. Rather than that, Silvertail should approach more positively by looking at their actual performance, including their motivation, and then re-allocate the job for them so that the integration and strategy of the company would be aligned. According to (Adams, 2012), older workers are superior in many fields e.g. positive work ethic, problem solving, leadership, reliability, professionalism, etc†¦ Rather than wasting a good source of human capital, using it wisely is always optimal. Bibliography (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://deewr.gov.au/ (n.d.). Retrieved December 20, 2012, from http://www.oecd.org/ Australian Bureau of Statistics: About Us. (2012, November 13). Retrieved December 14, 2012, from Australian Bureau of Statistics: http://abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/Home/About+Us?opendocument#from-banner=GT Adams, S. (2012, September 9). Older Workers, There’s Hope: Study Finds Employers Like You Better Than Millennials. Retrieved December 13, 2012, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/09/24/older-workers-theres-hope-study-finds-employers-like-you-better-than-millennials/ Bekaert, G., & Hodrick, R. (2009). Internation Financial Management. Boston: Peason. HR Report. (2008, September 17). Employers ‘ignoring’ older workers. Retrieved December 15, 2012, from Thompson Reuters: http://sites.thomsonreuters.com.au/workplace/2008/09/17/employers-ignoring-older-workers/ Manpower Research and Statistics Department. (2007) . A Statistical Profile of Older Workers. Singapore: Ministry of Manpower. Waddel, D., Cummings, T. G., & Worley, C. G. (2007). Organisation Development and Change. Asia Pacific. (3rd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Cengage Learning Australia.

Run Batch Files (DOS Commands) From Visual Studio

Run Batch Files (DOS Commands) From Visual Studio Microsoft Visual Studio integrated development environment doesnt run DOS commands, but you can change that fact with a batch file. When IBM introduced PCs, batch files and the original BASIC  programming language were among the few ways to write programs. Users became experts at programming DOS commands. About Batch Files Batch files might be called scripts or macros in another context. Theyre just text files filled with DOS commands. For example: ECHO off ECHO Hello About Visual Basic! ECHO on The suppresses the display of the current statement to the console. So, the command ECHO off is not displayed.ECHO off and ECHO on toggles whether statements are displayed. So, after ECHO off, statements are not displayed.ECHO Hello About Visual Basic! displays the text Hello About Visual Basic!ECHO on switches the ECHO function back on so anything following is displayed. All of this was just to ensure that the only thing you actually see in the console window is the message. How to Execute a Batch File in Visual Studio The key to executing a batch file directly in Visual Studio is to Add one using the External Tools selection of the Tools menu. To do this, you: Create a simple batch program that executes other batch programs.Reference that program using the External Tools selection in Visual Studio. To be complete, add a reference to Notepad in the Tools menu. A Batch Program That Executes Other Batch Programs Heres the batch program that will execute other batch programs: cmd /c %1 pause The /c parameter carries out the command specified by string and then terminates. The %1 accepts a string that the cmd.exe program will try to execute. If the pause command wasnt there, the command prompt window would close before you could see the result. The pause command issues the string, press any key to continue. Tip: You can get a fast explanation of any console command- DOS- using this syntax in a command prompt window: /? Save this file using any name with the file type .bat.   You can save it in any location, but the Visual Studio directory in Documents is a good place.   Add an Item to External Tools The final step is to add an item to the External Tools in Visual Studio. Click Here to display the illustration If you simply click the Add button, then you get a complete dialog that allows you to specify every detail possible for an external tool in Visual Studio. Click Here to display the illustration In this case, enter the complete path, including the name you used when you saved your batch file earlier, in the Command textbox. For example: C:\Users\Milovan\Documents\Visual Studio 2010\RunBat.bat You can enter any name you like in the Title textbox. At this point, your new batch file executing command is ready. Just to be complete, you can also add the RunBat.bat file to the External Tools a different way as shown below: Click Here to display the illustration Rather than make this file the default editor in External Tools, which will cause Visual Studio to use RunBat.bat for files that are not batch files,  execute the batch file by selecting Open With... from a context menu. Click Here to display the illustration Because a batch file is just a text file that is qualified with the .bat type (.cmd works too), you might think that you can use the Text File template in Visual Studio to add one to your project. You cant. As it turns out, a Visual Studio Text File is not a text file. To demonstrate this, right-click the project and use Add New Item ...  to add a text file to your project. You have to change the extension so it ends in .bat. Enter the simple DOS command, Dir (display a directory contents) and click OK to add it to your project. If you then try to execute this batch command, you get this error: nDir is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file. That happens because the default source code editor in Visual Studio adds header information to the front of every file. You need an editor, like Notepad, that doesnt. The solution here is to add Notepad to External Tools. Use Notepad to create a batch file. After you save the batch file, you still have to add it to your project as an existing item.

5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA

5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA 5 Simple Steps to Snag Book Endorsements from a Marketing MBA Growing you book sales isnt easy. In fact, youre probably doing it incorrectly already.This post will show you how to market your book for growth.But if you want to know  all the ins-and-outs of self-publishing a book, including how to write, market, and publish your book within 90 dayswe highly recommend watching your free training first.How to get book endorsementsEndorsements are a very powerful form of social proof and trust-builder for potential readers of your book.Endorsements alone might not make your book a bestseller, but they’ll give you an advantage over other books that don’t have them.I was able to leverage my endorsement by a top influencer to promote my book on social media, on my website, and even on webinars and speaking engagements.You could place endorsements or â€Å"blurbs† on the back cover of your book, the praise sheet, or even the front cover, as you can see from my endorsement example below.But, how do you get top influencers to suppo rt your book? Here are five simple steps to get endorsements for your book.#1 Find the right influencersThe most powerful endorsements are those given by people who are well-known in your field. To select the right influencers, find out who your ideal readers admire. Post the question on targeted social media groups or ask them directly.Also, ask yourself what top influencers you follow and respect. Add their names to the list.Focus on quality over quantity, but if you don’t have enough names, search for bestselling books similar to yours and check out who endorsed them.It’s important that the influencers have a style and values similar to yours. That way, your ideal reader will be likely to be attracted to them and be familiar with their work.How do you figure out the style and values of potential endorsers? Start by visiting the â€Å"About Me† page on their website and pay attention to their branding and message. Then, visit their social media pages and focu s on the style of their posts and the content they share. You’ll get a good idea of whether the person’s values and style might be a good match for you or not.#3 Deliver value firstBecause its much easier to get a yes from someone who has already received value from you, its important that you start planning your request for endorsements in advance.For blurbs by top influencers, you might need to start the outreach process several months ahead of the publication of your book.Regardless of where you are in your journey, there’s always a way for you to bring value to the influencers and start a relationship with them.Something as simple as sending them a handwritten note about how much their message means to you, posting a video review of their book on Amazon, or recommending them on LinkedIn will help you stand out.Here are other examples of powerful ways to stand out: becoming an active member on the influencers’ social media groupsattending one of their conferencesjoining one of their paid programsYou should do this because you truly enjoy their message and not just because youre seeking endorsements. Your true intentions will come through in your communications and behaviors.Avoid going straight to the ask without having taken the time to deliver value first.#4 Prepare to askBefore you reach out to potential endorsers, do everything you can to make it as easy as possible for them to say yes.Prepare well in advance so you can find the best opportunities to ask for the endorsement, and give yourself enough time to get through gatekeepers.For example, if the influencer will be speaking at an event in your town, you could grab a ticket and introduce yourself. However, local events aren’t your only choice. One of my friends was interested in building a relationship with an influencer who would be speaking three thousand miles away.But that didnt stop her. By following the influencer on Instagram, she learned that this person l oved brownies and would be attending the event with her husband. My friend ordered a dozen brownies to be delivered to the event with a customized note that read, â€Å"Best wishes during your presentation. Hope you and your husband enjoy these treats!† That was the start of their friendship.As part of your preparation, write a sample endorsement for each influencer. Blurs usually hover around 50 words (never more than 100). If you know their work well, you will be able to create blurbs that closely match their writing voice. #5 Ask for the endorsementIt might feel nerve-wracking to ask, but never wrong. If youre hesitant, it might be too soon in the relationship, especially when it comes to top influencers. If you ask too soon, they will either ignore you or reject your proposal.Rushing might mean that you’ll have to start the process all over again and find someone else to endorse your book.Never send a mass request to a group of influencers. You’ll waste you r time, and hurt your chances of ever building a relationship with them. Customization is key.Send the influencers a copy of your book along with a well-crafted message asking for the endorsement.Ideally, you’ll send them a physical copy. It doesnt have to be the final version, and it doesnt have to be perfect. It can be a printed PDF.That said, you must ensure that whatever you send to the influencer is professionally packaged. If sending a physical version of your book is not possible, you can send them the PDF or ebook, but you’ll have to ask in a way that stands out. You could achieve this by customizing your message in a unique way, creating a video specifically designed for them, or preceding your email with a handwritten note.Think outside the box! A video card or a note written on a balloon would be clever ways to stand out, too.Be succinct. Remember that time is a high-price commodity for influencers (for everyone!) so you dont want to make it a chore to under stand what youre asking.Start by expressing why you feel theyre the right person to endorse the book and why you respect them so much. Be sure to mention that you’re eager to make your readers aware of their work. Next, specify the length of the blurb youre seeking as well as by when you need it done. Dont make your deadline too far in the future so that its put in the back burner, but dont make it so soon that the influencer will immediately say no. I personally chose 3-4 weeks to collect the blurbs.Be prepared to negotiate an extended due date, and allow for extra time in your planning.When you share the blurb that you wrote, explain that youre just trying to make things easy for them.Express how much you appreciate their time and attention, and close with the promise to follow up in a week or two.Following Up for Book EndorsementsIf you dont hear back from the influencers, its easy to assume theyre not interested in writing the endorsement and be tempted to give up. Howeve r, its important to realize that they might have not received your message yet.Emails go to spam folders. Gatekeepers delete emails and toss out mail. You never know!When you follow up, try a different way to reach the person. If you used email first, follow up with a handwritten note or a message on social media.If you find out the name of the influencers’ gatekeepers, reach out to them directly. Build a relationship with them as well, and you will have a great chance of success.My rule of thumb is to follow up three times. If you dont hear from them, it might be time to move on.As you can see, with a well-written manuscript, proper planning, and a great dose of authenticity, its possible for you to get endorsements from top influencers in your field.The most important step is to take action. Its easy to be sidelined by fear of rejection, but if you think about it, the worst thing that can happen is that they’ll say no. If youre confident in the quality of your book, you have nothing to fear. Take the first step today to gain powerful social proof and make your book a success!

Strategic and Tactical Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategic and Tactical Management - Essay Example Everyone in the company should strive for the attainment of organizational vision. Lastly, two important things are stressed by Thomson and Strickland (2001), formulation of a good strategy and executing it most efficiently. Truly, strategic management is nothing if leaders cannot come up with a good strategy. Also, no matter how good a strategy is, if not executed efficiently then the company is still bound to fail. Tactical management is the company's "ability to quickly and accurately assess the situation and respond appropriately" (Thomson and Strickland 2001). As with strategic management it measures the company's responsiveness to the internal and external factors where it operates. However, tactical management's role is to minimize risk and maximizing returns for the business organization in a day to day basis. Thus, best practices will include a key understanding of the interrelatedness of economic variables which can determine the risks and opportunities that the company faces. Also, companies should always be responsive to changes by evaluating the alternative responses that it can implement. Being open to change and the need of technological advances in tactical management can also improve this process in a business organization. Toyota has communicated its goal of becoming the largest automaker in the world surpassing the giant General Motors.

Disinvestment and reinvestment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Disinvestment and reinvestment - Essay Example Disinvestment refers to the use of a concerted economic boycott, with specific emphasis on liquidating stock, to pressure a government towards policy or regime change. Ronald Reagan, the former American President during his regime the disinvestment movement was at its peak, also opposed it, instead favoring a policy of "constructive engagement" These principles called for corporations doing business in South Africa to adhere to strict standards of non-discrimination in hiring and promotions to set a positive example. The most frequently-encountered method of "disinvesting" was to persuade state, county and municipal governments to sell their stock in companies which had a presence in South Africa, such shares having been previously placed in the portfolio of the state's, county's or city's pension fund. Several states and localities did pass legislation ordering the sale of such securities, most notably the city of San Francisco. The Sudan Divestment Task Force collaborates with Amne sty International, International Crisis Group, a variety of international NGO's, and most of the major socially responsible investing firms in the US. Calvert, the largest socially responsible mutual fund company in the US, has explicitly endorsed the targeted divestment approach as one that exerts maximum influence on the Sudanese government while minimizing unintended consequences, such as the important development role basic commerce in Sudan plays in improving general living standards for all. In simple words Disinvestment takes place when proprietors or people stop investing in the community, building or neighborhoods and thus to end up with slum areas. Disinvestment hampers economic growth of a nation as a barrier of Urbanization. Demographically, the Urbanization denotes redistribution of populations from rural to urban settlements in a process associated with development of civilization. Since disinvestment phase of an economy yields zero to the social and even cultural enhancement of the people, I would feel empathy for the people and the locality during such dark time. From a philanthropic point of view, it curbs the birthright of the populace to live a better life for certain political or demographic reasons. If opportunity prevails, I would love to motivate the populace to work hard in order to attract investors for the welfare and development of the region. 2. Reinvestment as the etymology suggests stands for the economic period when investors foresee dividend in certain area of production and desire to sustain growth with their inputs. When a community or proprietor see value in the land and begin to rehabilitate an area that has lost value over the years and worth fixing such as water front properties paves the way to reinvestment. Remarkably, it is a product or urbanization. There are two major types of reinvestments; Capital Reinvestment and Manpower cohesion. Investors usually accumulate such funds from dividends, interest and capital gains earned in an investmentor mutual fundto purchase additional shares or units, rather than receiving the distributions in cash. Therefore, in terms of stocks, it is the reinvestment of dividends topurchase additional shares. On the other hand, in terms of mutual funds, it is the reinvestment of distributions and dividends to purchase additional units of that fund. Similarly, in terms of tax gain or loss harvesting, it is the realization of losses to offset a capital gains over liability. This is definitely a

How Leaders can maintain High Quality Performance Term Paper - 1

How Leaders can maintain High Quality Performance - Term Paper Example mise the leader’s interest to promote integrity and performance, as a result of having the feeling that they are privileged such that they cannot lose their jobs and also to the extent of misusing their powers to serve their master’s interests (Morrisson, 2004). However, if this is conducted properly, the leader would be in a position to serve the sole interests of the organization, which are based on quality and sustainable performance and development in all the departments under him or her. This paper is a critical evaluation of ways through which an effective leader can improve performance in his or her place of work. A leader is a person who, to a greater extent, represents the true image of an organization. This means that he is supposed to be a person of high integrity and unquestionable character (Macarthur, 2004). This earns him respect throughout the corporate world such that he would be occasionally cited as a good role model to young people as well as those employees who are under him. For example, it would be wrong for a leader to have the habit of coming to work while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs as this would taken to mean that doing so is acceptable in the work place. Such a leader would set a bad example to his or her juniors, who may go to the extent of doing the same just because their boss is doing it. Similarly, it would be unprofessional for leaders to involve themselves in sexual relationships or harassment of their employees as this may promote indiscipline in the context that these employees may be motivated to do the same, which is unethical in a working env ironment. If anything, leaders should be the first people to observe all the rules and regulations of an organization, in an effort to maintain professionalism and concentration on service delivery. Otherwise, a lot of time would be constantly wasted trying to discipline those who go against the set standards thereby lowering the out put hence low performance. In

Nonwestern Literature Essay Example for Free

Nonwestern Literature Essay Modern literature does not show the extent to which literature has come. Medieval forms of literature reflected an unprecedented level of purity and originality. A study of the similarities and dissimilarities between cultures reveals the exchange of ideology that occurred many centuries ago. This gives weight to the assertion that modern forms of literature from different regions of the world once shared certain characteristics. It should not get assumed that the different forms of literature arose from the same inspiration. Rather, the varying types of literature occurred separately. However, due to improvements in technology and communication, forms of literature have become similar over time. An in-depth look at Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese literatures highlights this clearly. China and India, as countries from the East, have a winding, rich, and spectacular literary tradition. The exchange of literary accomplishments between the two nations has never ceased even until modern times. The primary groundwork for such an exchange became established through the introduction of Buddhism into China. As a result of this introduction, Indian literature began imparting nourishment to its Chinese counterpart. Thus, Chinese literature adopted plenty of influences from Indian literature. Resulting effects on Chinese literature have manifested themselves in aspects of aesthetic tendency, form, subject, rhetoric and vocabulary. In ancient times, Buddhism served as the key medium for Chinese-Indian literary exchanges. Chinese literature has become more and more influenced by Indian literature in recent times due to the assimilation of Buddhist influences. Nevertheless, the extent and nature of the literary exchange between India and China has become two-sided and complementary in recent times. There exist similarities and differences between Chinese and Indian literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the form of literature gets classified as primarily oral. In both Chinese and Indian literatures, extensive written forms of literature appeared in later periods compared to the emergence of oral forms of literature. In both Chinese and Indian literature, the emergence of written forms of literature arose due to the spread of literacy programs pioneered by the ruling authorities in both countries. Also, both Indian and Chinese literatures have different forms of literature contributing to the overall state of literature in the respective countries. Moreover, both Indian and Chinese literatures have experienced changes due to modern influences from the western world. On the other hand, a few differences arise between Chinese and Indian literature. Chinese literature has always gotten expression through only one language. This has remained true for the over 3000 years which the Chinese civilization has existed. On the contrary, Indian literature has experienced segmentation due to the presence of numerous languages within India. The Indian culture has officially recognized 22 languages and among these languages, 21 of them have establishes their own unique forms of literature. Indian literature has gotten influence from the various traditions that have governed over the country. Throughout its history, various family traditions have dictated the nature of ownership over the country. In turn, the varying styles of ownership have had an unmistakable effect on the types of literature. Thus, different ownership periods as demarcated by family traditions have different kinds of literature. Conversely, various dynasties throughout the whole period of its sovereign existence have ruled China. This has led to the classification of types of literature based on the particular dynasty that ruled the country at the time of the emergence of the literature. These dynasties include Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing. During the existence of all these dynasties, various forms of literature have arisen. For instance, early woodblock and poetry became embraced during the Tang dynasty while novels gained prominence during the Ming dynasty. Chinese and Egyptian literatures share many points of reference. Both forms of literature began experiencing formative influences before the Common Era. Egyptian literature has its roots in ancient Egyptian culture. Along with Sumerian literature, ancient Egyptian literature gets classified as the one of the earliest forms of literature. In both forms of literature, the ownership periods played a key role towards the definition and classification of different types of literature. Both Chinese and Egyptian forms of literature have pioneered forms of writing, which had not existed earlier. Egyptian literature gave rise to hieroglyphics. Also, the writing of blurbs began in the 14th century Egyptian times. The writing of blurbs thus emerged as a key component of literary writing in the contemporary world. Both forms of literature have allowed the influence of different forms of literature from other countries. Egyptian literature became molded by the influx of foreign poets who flocked the town of Alexandria. These poets originated from Greece and Rome. They immigrated to Alexandria so as to utilize the library facility in the town. As a result of their extended stay in Egypt, the poets began expressing their literature in Arabic language. Inevitably, the existing literature within Egypt became fused with the literature brought by the European poets. The infiltration and influence of Indian Buddhism has played a prominent role in the shaping the Chinese literature toward adopting Indian connotations. Meditation has become a key component of Chinese literature unlike previous times. This lays testament to the fact that Indian Buddhism has left an indelible mark on Chinese literature. In Chinese literature, the initial form of literature consisted primarily of oral forms. Written forms of literature appeared during later periods of civilization. This stands in stark contrast to Egyptian literature, which has the autobiography as its oldest form. Egyptian literature got expressed in papyrus reeds. These provided the writing material on which ancient Egyptian writers would record their literary works. Also, Egypt invented calligraphy, which emerged as a key means of writing during that era. Chinese literature has received influence primarily stemming from the ruling influences within the country. The dynasties that have exercised governorship over the country have molded the types of literature within China. In contrast, Egyptian literature has experienced influences stemming from external sources. The conquering of Egypt by Muslim Arabs had a major impact on the literature in Egypt. Libraries became established and literature thrived. Papyrus reeds became replaced by cloth paper as writing surfaces. Another difference between Egyptian and Chinese literature appears when it comes to the overriding motive behind the change in literature. In Chinese literature, the changes undertaken in literature have occurred involuntarily and with the noble aim of improving the Chinese culture. On the other hand, changes in Egyptian literature have become implemented for the sole purpose of embracing Islam. The majority of Egyptian literature back in medieval times consisted of wisdom literature. This shows that the wider number of Egyptian literary works got written mainly for instruction and guidance. Such instruction recognizes the social format of life that exists in Egypt. Family values take the first place in Egypt. As a result, the forms of literature within the country give precedence to the values honored by families. However, the majority of forms of literature written in China became formulated for the purpose of entertainment. This arises due to the communal nature of the Chinese culture. Hence, the forms of literature become designed in such a way as to amuse and thereby engender a sense of togetherness within the community. ?Egyptian and Indian literatures have stunning similarities and glaring differences. The bulk of both Egyptian and Indian literatures bears literature intended for instruction. Both Egyptian and Indian cultures recognize the supremacy of family values. Thus, the literature of both countries became formulated with the intention of providing the families with instructive information regarding family life. Indian folklore and Egyptian folklore combined as key elements towards the formation of storytelling formats. Both Indian and Egyptian literatures have become molded for the purpose of accommodating religious beliefs. Literature in Egypt has evolved with the passage of time as it becomes more permissible to the Islamic faith and body of beliefs. Since Islam has gained wide acclaim as the state religion, the form of literature within Egypt has sought to reflect this truth in its form. This has endeavored to avoid hurting the religiously-trained consciences of Egyptians. In India, religion has had a major impact towards the changes that have occurred in Indian literature. India plays host to majority of the world’s most populous forms of faith. Buddhism alone has had an understated effect on the form of Indian literature. The prevalence of meditation techniques within Egyptian literature gives evidence of the extent of Buddhist influence.? However, a few differences exist between Indian and Egyptian literatures. Egyptian literature had its beginnings much earlier than Indian literature. This necessarily makes Egyptian literature richer than Indian literature. The superior quality of Egyptian literature becomes apparent through a sober consideration of the genres that have gotten invented due to Egyptian literature. Indian literature has become classified in terms of tradition due to the ideologies that have governed the country. In the contrary, Egyptian literature has always manifested their Islamic inclinations. Also, Egyptian literature received notable influence from European poets while India has risen to become the source of poetic influence to other countries like China. The history of Egyptian literature had its beginnings in ancient Egypt. The River Nile had a massive influence on the development of Egyptian literature. The town of Alexandria served as a major confluence for the emergence of literary influences. This happened because of the presence of the Library of Alexandria. This library served as hubs for poets originating from Greece and Rome, which served as key world powers in that time. The influence of these foreign poets had an unprecedented effect on Egyptian literature. Beginning from the period of the tyrannical Pharaohs until the conclusion of the Roman Empire’s rulership, ancient Egyptian literature got expresses in Egyptian language. Ancient Egyptian literature gains recognition as the world’s earliest form of literature along with other genres like Sumerian literature.? However, forms of writing in ancient Egypt did not surface until the late periods of the 4th century. This included both hieratic and hieroglyphic forms of writing. At some time before the modern era, the available literary works included epistles and letters, texts, hymns and poems, and memorials. These biographical texts got penned so as to document the professional lives of noteworthy administrative marshals. These developments notwithstanding, narrative forms of Egyptian literature became created in late periods of the 17th century BC. The formation of narrative forms sparked a media revolution in the whole of Egypt. Such a revolution occurred due to various factors. The unprecedented rise in literacy levels played a primary role for the revolution. Other factors included widespread access to written literature, rise of an intellectual class of scribes, new cultural sensibilities about individuality, unprecedented levels of literacy, and mainstream access to written materials.? The history and tradition of Indian literature primarily features verse though it also seems fundamentally oral. The earliest works became composed for the purpose of getting sung or recited. In this raw form, they became transmitted throughout a number of generations before getting written down as permanent recordings. As a result of this belated recording, the earliest records of a text appear later by several millenniums than the stated date of its initial composition. Furthermore, probably because the majority of Indian literature appears as either religious or as a reworking of common stories from the Sanskrit tales, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, and the mythological writings, the authors often maintain their anonymity. Biographical components and details of the lives of the majority of the earlier Indian authors appear only in much later myths and legends. In medieval Indian literature, the earliest works in many of the languages were sectarian, designed to advance or to celebrate some unorthodox regional. Much traditional Indian literature is derived in theme and form not only from Sanskrit literature but from the Buddhist and Jain texts written in the Pali language and the other Prakrits (medieval dialects of Sanskrit). This applies to literature in the Dravidian languages of the south as well as to literature in the Indo-Iranian languages of the north. Invasions of Persians and Turks, beginning in the 14th century, resulted in the influence of Persian and Islamic culture in Urdu, although important Islamic strands can be found in other literatures as well, especially those written in Bengali, Gujarati, and Kashmiri. After 1817, entirely new literary values were essay, and literary drama (this last incorporating both classical Sanskrit and Western models)—that gradually engulfed the customary Indian verse genres. Urdu poets remained faithful to the old forms while Bengalis were imitating such English poets as Percy Bysshe Shelley or T. S. Eliot.? The history of ? Chinese literature extends for thousands of years. This started from the earliest recorded dynastic court archives to the mature fictional novels that arose during the Ming Dynasty. These mature fictional novels became penned for the sake of entertaining the masses of literate Chinese citizens. To various Westerners, Chinese literature remains hugely unexplored in comparison to the rich state of the Chinese culture. As a matter of fact, it is a treasure of a very considerable number of brilliant and profound works as each dynasty, in the long history of China, has passed down its legacy of magnificent events and works. For 3500 years, they have woven a variety of genres and forms encompassing poetry, essays, fiction and drama; each in its own way reflecting the social climate of its day through the high spirit of art. Chinese literature has its own values and tastes, its own reigning cultural tradition and its own critical system of theory. Chronologically, it can be divided into four main periods: classical, modern, contemporary, and the present-age literature. Classical literature refers to the earliest period and covers works from three thousand years ago to the late Qing Dynasty and is a virtually unbroken strand enduring dynastic changes. Since it was nearly always developed under the reign of centralized and unified government, it is imbued with the thoughts of a culture that embraced slavery and a feudal society. It was steeped in an enclosed environment that hardly had any real links with religion or least of all the literature of foreign cultures. ? Modern Literature refers to the period from the Opium War in 1840 to the May Fourth Movement in 1919. As the decadent reign of the Qing failed to inspire the minds of people, the literary forms had remained unchanged; till the Opium War in 1840. Then they absorbed the impact of western thoughts as foreigners poured in China and established their colonies. Novels, poetry and other works began to appear with a theme of patriotism and a revelation of social ills. Contemporary literature spanned the period from 1919 to the foundation of modern in 1949 and took on a new vigor, despite the fact that Chinese was in the throes of checkered and complicated times. This period was distinctive as it brought into being a new and revised literary language, form, content and skills allowing it to evolve into an independent and open art available to the whole of society. It attached great attention to peoples lives and a future with strong political tendencies. Influenced by the tide of the world literature, it provided wide and amiable communication between writers and readers. Present-Age literature has evolved since the establishment of the Peoples Republic in 1949. During this time, there was a logjam as a consequence of the Cultural Revolution that lasted for nearly 10 years. That era is now long past and we now have a favorable turn on events and a great number of responsible writers deepen the literary forms and content. Nowadays literature prospers. As the Chinese nation is a racial mix of Han people together with 55 other ethnic groups, literature reflects this. The various ethnic groups have contributed greatly in this field.? China stands as the only country worldwide with a mono-language literature for over 3,000 years. This continuity comes from the nature of the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is, most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot and need never get sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional and local dialects, and modification of the characters. A revolution held in China marked the dynasties whereby a clan ruled over an empire. Inevitably, the significant change of Chinese society that occurred with the change of government invariably led to an alteration of literature. Thus, Chinese literature gradually became westernized and Classical language got absolved from utilization. The national government desired for women to enjoy equal privileges like men. This clamor for an equal status in society resulted in plenty of women writers and scholars. As a result, the amount of politically oriented literature doubled. Academicians got unrestrained access to literature from foreign countries while plenty of students received scholarships so as to study abroad. The New Culture Movement became disbanded and writers endeavored to blaze the trail in transforming China into a modern industrialized nation. Writers also intended to replace Confucian life-style with a modern, westernized one. Under the leadership of the national government, there existed some freedom of expression. During that period of relative freedom, lots of different views and styles of literature became widely popular. But at the moment China came under attack from Japan, the resulting Communist victory led to the curtailing of former freedoms. For instance, only literature that met the approval of the government became allowed. Egyptian literature has also experienced plenty of changes due to interaction with western cultures. The expansion of the international market has necessitated the presence of many foreigners within Egyptian soil. As a result of such mingling, Egyptian literature has become influenced by western attitudes and notions. India has become a key player in the Commonwealth of Nations movement. Inevitably, it has become the focal point for conducting business within Asia. Thus, Indian literature has adopted other cultures. Buddhism has also become part and parcel of the literature of many other countries. This highlights the exchange that has undoubtedly occurred between Indian literature and other forms of literature. REFEREENCES Allen, James P. (2000), Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.? Foster, John Lawrence (2001), Ancient Egyptian Literature: An Anthology, Austin: University of Texas Press.? K, Kripalani (1970). Modern Indian Literature.? Knight, Sabina (2012). Chinese Literature : A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series.? Levy, Andre (2000). Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.? Lichtheim, Miriam (2006), Ancient Egyptian Literature: Volume II: The New Kingdom, with a new foreword by Hans-W. Fischer-Elfert, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.? M. , Winternitz. (1973) . A History of Indian Literature.? Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.? T. , W. , Clark. (1970). The Novel in India.? Quirke, S. (2004), Egyptian Literature 1800 BC, questions and readings, London: Golden House Publications.

Cardiovascular Effects of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1)

Cardiovascular Effects of Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) Abstract Necrostatins have been identified as cardioprotective agents to reduce reperfusion injury after ischemia, preventing necroptosis due to their RIPK1 inhibitory effect. In this study basal cardiovascular effects of Nec-1 and its inactive analog Nec-1i was investigated in healthy rats under anesthesia. Relatively low doses of Nec-1 and Nec-1i were administered (0.8mg/kg and 0.846 mg/kg, respectively) in line with the in vivo dose response model described by Takahashi et al (2012). Basal heart functions were recorded namely, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), P interval, PR interval and QTc interval. The results of this study indicated that administration of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. No statistically significant effect on P interval, and QTc was observed by administration of both necrostatins. The effectiveness of Nec-1 reveals a dual cardiovascular effects, exerting both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions as well as a positive inotropic effect on cardiomyocytes. Since no conditions of ischemia or any other oxidative stress are present, which means that no type of programmed cell death is triggered (apoptosis, necrosis, or necroptosis), it can be assumed that Nec-1 acts in a RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, this action of Nec-1 under normal heart conditions remains to be clarified at a cellular level investigating its involvement in signaling pathways (e.g. NO pathway, ÃŽ ²-AR pathway) of all cell types involved cardiovascular function (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels), and cardiomyocytes as well. In general, after the elucidation of the exact mechanisms of action of Nec-1 at a molecular basis, Nec-1 could be applied as a positive inotrope that enhances basal cardiac function in pathological conditions. Discussion Degterev et al (2005) initially introduced necrostatins as therapeutic agents for ischemic brain injury through chemical inhibition of non apoptotic cell death. Three years later the same research group identified RIPK1 as a specific cellular target of necrostatins (Degterev et al, 2008). In parallel necrostatins were also reported as potential cardioprotective agents by Smith et al (2007) as they reduced ischemia reperfusion injury in their experimental trials. Although, current research has used necrostatins as potential inhibitors of necroptosis in ischemic heart experimental designs in vitro and in vivo (Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), basal effects of these substances on heart function and haemodynamics have not yet been investigated. In this study administration of necrostatins (Nec-1 and its inactive analog Nec-1i) in healthy rats under anesthesia was performed. The results of this study indicated that administration of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i raised systolic and diastol ic blood pressure, heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. No statistically significant effect on P interval, and QTc was observed by administration of both necrostatins. Interpreting the results of this study is a complicated issue as the availability of comparable data is restricted and sometimes contradictory. The effectiveness of Nec-1 on increasing mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, reveals a dual cardiovascular effects, exerting both vasodilator and vasoconstrictor actions. When evaluating the effectiveness of Nec-1 using in vivo murine disease models, Nec-1 was suggested to reduce ischemia reperfusion injury as an RIPK1 inhibitor in the TNF signalling pathway, thus preventing necroptosis (Smith et al 2007). But when no conditions of ischemia or any other oxidative stress are present, which means that no type of programmed cell death is triggered (apoptosis, necrosis, or necroptosis), it can be assumed that Nec-1 acts in a RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, this action of Nec-1 under normal heart conditions remains to be clarified at a cellular level investigating its involvement in signaling pathways of all cell types involved cardiovascular function (endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels), and cardiomyocytes as well. Interestingly, Eefting et al (2004) reviewed the role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury discussing both pharmacological as well as genetic interventions in animal models. Nitric oxide (NO) appeared to increase myocardial contractility, myocardial function and endothelial function in many reports of this review. NO is a well known regulator of excitation-contraction coupling in myocardial function (Ziolo et al, 2001a) and ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor (ÃŽ ²-AR) signalling (Ziolo et al, 2001b). In line with this notion, a recent study in rats demonstrated that renal vasodilatation was induced through the NO pathway with a pharmacological agent (Garcia-Pedraza et al, 2015). Thus, further research could aim in identifying potential interplay of Nec-1 through other signaling pathways starting from the NO pathway. Another approach could be the potential relation of Nec-1 with vascular ATP levels, as the vasodilatory action of intravascular ATP in the coronary circulation was reported to be attributed to the dual and e qual activities of adenosine and ADP acting at purinergic P1 and P2Y1 receptors, respectively (Korchazhkina et al, 1999). Nevertheless, the results of this study indicate that Nec-1 exerts a positive effect on basal cardiac function, by raising heart rate, blood pressure and by depressing PR interval. Since, stimulation of ÃŽ ²-adrenergic receptor (ÃŽ ²-AR) pathway has been reported as the most important regulator of cardiac contractility (Bers and Ziolo, 2001), it could be assumed that Nec-1 affects electrical signal transduction in some way of this pathway. In general, activation of ÃŽ ²-AR activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) leading to the phosphorylation of several target proteins within the cardiomyocyte, such as Ica (L-type membrane Ca+2 channels), RyR (ryanodine receptors of the sarcoplasmic reticulum), TnI (troponin I), and PLB (phospholamban). Interstingly, it has been suggested that PLB phosphorylation at Ser 16 by PKA is one the major factors affecting positively cardiomyocyte contraction after ÃŽ ²-AR stimulation (Kohr et al, 2012). In line with these observations, Nec-1 coul d somehow affect the phosphorylation status of proteins responsible for cardiac function. The observed depression of PR interval, in this study, after administration of Nec-1, which represents not only atrial depolarization but also the beginning of ventricular depolarization, reflects that the signal conductance through AV node/His bundle was increased possibly through increased phosphorylation of intracellular proteins involved in cardiac contractility. Noteworthy, Nec-1s has been shown to stimulate directly cardiac contractility through myosine binding protein C (MYBP-C) phosphorylation (Szobi et al. 2015, unpublished data) in animal experiments. Regulation of cardiac contractility by MYBP-C through phosphorylation has been reviewed by Saul Winegrad (1999), along with its role in the formation of the sarcomeric myofibril as a result of binding to myosin and titin. Although, not statistically significant in this study, QTc interval tended to be shortened under the effect of Nec-1. Preliminary data from animal experiments with Nec-1s after ischemia reperfusion indicated decreased QTc intervals, suggesting that Nec-1s might be protective on ventricular arrhythmias (Szobi et al. 2015, unpublished data). The comparison of Nec-1 and its inactive demethylated derivative Nec-1i as factors effecting basal haemodynamics and heart function appears confusing, as previous experimental approaches were applied on disease models using in vivo and/or in vitro ischemic conditions (Degterev et al 2005, Degterev et al 2008, Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), and not healthy animals under anesthesia. Additionally, the effectiveness of these substances in previous reports varied not only in a time and dose dependent manner, but also regarding species specificity (Takahashi et al 2012). Nonetheless, in this study Nec-1 but not Nec-1i influenced positively systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, while PR interval was depressed. These results could be compared with the ones obtained from the in vivo murine model of ischemia-reperfusion injury reported by Smith et al (2007), where Nec-1 (1.65 mg/kg) reduced infarct size whilst Nec-1i (1.74 mg/kg) was ineffective. On the other hand, in vivo Nec-1i was as protective as Nec-1 against lethality associated with TNF-induced necroptosis in high doses (6mg/kg) (Takahashi et al 2012). As both necrostatins were proven to inhibit human IDO as predicted by molecular modeling by Takahashi et al (2012), it can be assumed that Nec-1i cannot be used us a reliable ineffective control for Nec-1. Alternatively, Nec-1s which is a more specific RIPK1 inhibitor lacking the IDO-targeting effect, was suggested by Takahashi et al (2012) as a control substance in experiments investigating the potent effect of necrosatins (Vandenabeele et al 2013). Interestingly, in vitro Nec-1i exhibited paradoxically higher cardioprotection that Nec-1 at high doses (100ÃŽ ¼ÃŽÅ") (Smith et al 2007). In the present in vivo study, relatively low doses of Nec-1 and Nec-1i were used (0.8mg/kg and 0.846 mg/kg, respectively) in line with the in vivo dose response model described by Takahashi et al (2012). Although, low doses (0.6mg/kg) of both Nec-1 and Nec-1i had a toxic effect increasing lethality during TNF-induced necroptosis, suggesting that RIPK1/RIPK3- dependent pathway drives TNF-induced mortality (Takahashi et al 2012), this toxicity effect was not observed in the present study. Of course, in their experiments necrostatins were administered during TNF-induced mortality, demonstrating that low doses were toxic in terms that they were not sufficient enough to protect form induced mortality. In contrast, in this in vivo study, evaluating the comparative effect of low doses of both necrostatins, it could be assumed that these substances maintain their profile of active (Nec-1) and inactive (Nec-1i) factors when administered under normal-non stressful condition. But which signaling pathway is triggered, under the effect of Nec-1 but not Nec-1i, leading to this elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate) remains to be clarified. In general, as demonstrated in this study, enhancement of basal cardiac performance by Nec-1, evidenced by increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure heart rate, and depressed PR interval could be a double-edged sword. Although Nec-1 has been introduced as an agent reducing injury after reperfusion in brain and heart (Degeterev et al 2005, Smith et al 2007, Takahashi et al 2012), the effect of this substance under normal conditions must be further investigated before its administration in other pathological conditions. Thus, examining the response of all cell types (cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle and endothelial cells of blood vessels) under the effect of Nec-1 could be a first step under this point of view. Each cell type, and eventually the overall response to any pharmacological administration, will depend on several distinct or sometimes overlapping factors, such as changes in metabolic conditions (pH, calcium levels, ATP levels), or even active (under phosphorylation or not) signaling molecules and transcription factors. Additionally, in order to clarify the molecular mechanism of action of Nec-1 on basal cardiac function, the comparative effect of other necrostatins apart from Nec-1i, e.g. Nec-1s which lacks the IDO inhibitor effect, would provide meaningful insights. Conclusions Although Nec-1 was introduced to prevent necroptosis as a RIPK1 inhibitor reducing ischemia reperfusion injury, the enhancement of basal cardiac activity by Nec-1 in healthy anesthetized rats, as demonstrated by this study, indicates that this molecule may also act in an RIPK1-independent manner. Thus, further research is needed in order to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying this effect. For example, future directions could aim at identifying the potential interplay of Nec-1 in signaling pathways, such as the NO pathway and the ÃŽ ²-AR pathway, of all cell types involved cardiovascular function. The biochemistry of this involvement could be comparatively analyzed by administration of other necorstatinsm, such as Nec-1s. Finally, Nec-1 after evaluating all these parameters, Nec-1 could be used a positive inotropic agent in cases of cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, heart attack or cardiogenic shock. References Bers DM, Ziolo MT. (2001). When is cAMP not cAMP? Effects of compartmentalization. Circ.Res. 89, 373–375. Degterev A, Huang Z, Boyce M, Li Y, Jagtap P, Mizushima N et al. Chemical inhibitor of nonapoptotic cell death with therapeutic potential for ischemic brain injury. Nat Chem Biol 2005; 1: 112–119. Degterev A, Hitomi J, Germscheid M, Ch’en IL, Korkina O, Teng X et al. Identification of RIP1 kinase as a specific cellular target of necrostatins. Nat Chem Biol 2008; 4: 313–321. Eefting F, Rensing B, Wigman J, Pannekoek WJ , Liu WM, Cramer MJ, Lips DJ, Doevendans PA. Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury. Cardiovascular Research 61 (2004) 414– 426. 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